What I find is that tastes are different. For every student/teacher I find who loves Alice I find one who much prefers Scratch. And the other way around of course. Others like the additional blocks of Snap! or the Android programming features of App Inventor. Others want something for the very young and look to Kodu. Some of these tools have useful ways to help students migrate from the block programming language to a more traditional language. Alice 3.0 to Java for example. Blockly from the block language to JavaScript, Dart and Python for another.
All of these tools have some great features and either university or private research behind the development. Curriculum for them can be found through their web sites or Internet searching. Textbooks exist for some of them as well. They’re listed in no particular order so check out something new to you.
TileCode ( Microsoft Research TileCode site) Microsoft TileCode is a game creation app that allows you to design, code, and play video games directly on low-cost Microsoft MakeCode Arcade gaming handhelds, as well as in the web browser.
GP is a free, general-purpose blocks programming language (similar to MIT's Scratch) that is powerful yet easy to learn. It runs on most platforms, including laptops, Chromebooks, tablets, and web browsers. This one looks particularly interesting as the GP stands for General Purpose.
MakeCode is a block language originally developed for the BBC Micro:Bit but which now supports multiple physical computing devices. It was developed by Microsoft with a lot of input from others.
MakeCode Arcade is a version of MakeCode especially for creating computer games. Very kid friendly and lots of resources for learning are available.
MicroBlocks was created for physical computing and allow one to create one application to run on a number of different devices. It was created by a rock star team with experience in the creation of such tools as Scratch and Snap!.
Alice Alice is a 3-d environment from Carnegie Mellon. It is probably the most popular and best known of all of these tools as CMU has been promoting it for some years. It can be a bit resource intensive but the ability to create 3D worlds is a big plus. The latest version, Alice 3.0, allows users to export to Java programs. This makes Alice very popular with APCS teachers.
Kodu is a coding environment originally developed by Microsoft Research for the Xbox 360 but now also available for Windows PCs. It is highly graphical with a simple When/Do model of programming. Designed for younger students (8 is the target age) it is very usable by precocious younger students and powerful enough for older students.
Alice Alice is a 3-d environment from Carnegie Mellon. It is probably the most popular and best known of all of these tools as CMU has been promoting it for some years. It can be a bit resource intensive but the ability to create 3D worlds is a big plus. The latest version, Alice 3.0, allows users to export to Java programs. This makes Alice very popular with APCS teachers. Kodu is a coding environment originally developed by Microsoft Research for the Xbox 360 but now also available for Windows PCs. It is highly graphical with a simple When/Do model of programming. Designed for younger students (8 is the target age) it is very usable by precocious younger students and powerful enough for older students. 
Scratch Scratch was developed at MIT at the Lifelong Kindergarten Research Group. This 2D platform is less resource intensive than Alice and Kodu. The Scratch web site with its sharing and social abilities really adds to the value of the Scratch platform. 
Scratch Jr is a version of Scratch for even younger children. 
Beetle Blocks Visual Code for 3D Design - Beetle Blocks is a graphical blocks-based programming environment for 3D design and fabrication. 
Blockly is a language being developed at Google as a research project. Blockly is fairly new but borrows a lot of the ideas from Scratch. If you know Scratch you will find this pretty easy to understand. You can export a Blockly program into JavaScript, Dart (an object oriented language from Google), Python or XML. 
Snap! (formerly BYOB – Build Your Own Blocks) Snap! nee BYOB is an expansion of Scratch that has been developed at the University of California at Berkeley. It adds new blocks and OOP features. It’s being used by a number of AP CS Principles pilots. Snap 4.0 is currently in early beta but the cool thing about it for many schools is that it is completely web browser based so no software installation. 
App Inventor for Android Think about App Inventor as being Scratch for developing Android phone apps and you get the basic idea. While not strictly Scratch is was developed by people from both Google and MIT. It resides at MIT these days and is being developed there using ideas from Scratch, Blockly and other sources as a teaching language. For students (and their teachers) who want to get into phone apps it is about the easiest tool there is. It is mostly web based as well. Thunkable - Thunkable supports Android and they are working on iOS support. Thunkable is based on MIT App Inventor.
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Tickle is a fairly new product (Released: Mar 24, 2015 on iTunes) on the Scratch model. “Tickle is the world's first app that enables anyone to program an air drone. You can now program the Sphero robotic ball, Parrot mini quad copter, and Philips Hue lighting system, all wirelessly right from your iPad.” I don’t own any of the supported devices to try it out. Let me know if you do and what you think of it. 
Squeak eToys is one of the first of these tools. Designed by Alan Kay as an implementation of SmallTalk it has influenced all the block languages that have followed. It is still being developed and is quite current. While not as well known, in my experience, as some of the others it is well worth looking at seriously. [Note: I left this out of the first version of this post for which I apologize. I really meant to include it.] CodeWise A card game and an application. Designed to help very young students start programming.
"By using the CodeWise card game pupils can learn how to ‘program’ each other. You can find an assignment on each card such as: sing a song, jump, stand up/sit down or move forward.
Groups of pupils can create a programming code together in a fun and interactive way by placing the cards in a certain sequence. The code can be checked by a different group. The game can also be conducted by two pupils."
AgentSheets is probably the very first (before even Squeak eToys and the first as far as I know) and is still available
AgentCubes online is the first of its kind 3D online programming environment and was developed by the people who created AgentSheets.
Daisy the Dinosaur is a free iPad app for introducing some very simple programming to young people. It is very basis and very limited right now. I don’t know much about it but if you have an iPad and younger children it is worth a try. It may lead to something more like Kodu or Scratch or Alice as time goes on and they want more. Not many of the other tools work on the iPad other than in the browser so this may be a fun app for many. Thanks to Doug Peterson for the link (Exercise Makes You Grow) 
Hopscotch is another iPad app from the same people who created Daisy the Dinosaur. It’s a lot like a very basic Scratch and pretty limited as of this review (Hopscotch–Visual Programming for iPads). But it does run on an iPad and that makes it accessible to a lot of people. 
Stencyl borrows heavily from Scratch but is focused on creating games. Games may be created and published for iOS, Android, HTML5, Windows and Mac according to the web site. 
Move the Turtle (available for iPhone/iPad, $2.99): From what I read this is a lot like Daisy the Dinosaur. The object of Move the Turtle is to use commands to move the turtle though a series of puzzles. Spherly is a web-based programming environment that allows programs to be written using a block language to control a Sphero robot. Project URL: http://outreach.cs.ua.edu/spherly/
Pixly provides a block language for exploring topics in media computation; particularly, the manipulation of pixels within an image to support red-eye removal, chroma key, etc. Project URL: http://outreach.cs.ua.edu/pixly/
PocketCode allows you to create your own games, animations, interactive music videos, and many kind of other apps, directly on your Android phone or tablet. 
RoboMind RoboMind is software specifically developed to support technology education. By programming a robot, students learn about logic, computer science and robotics. 
Waterbear Waterbear is a toolkit for making programming more accessible and fun. Having a visual language means you don't have to focus on learning a syntax to start programming. 
Pencil Code is editor that lets you work in either blocks or text. Pencil Code supports CoffeeScript, Javascript, CSS, and HTML. 
Enchantingaims to make it easier and more fun to program physical devices, particularly LEGO Mindstorms NXT robots. Enchanting is based on Scratch from the MIT Media Lab
Vizwik is a Social Learning Platform that helps Teachers quickly integrate digital literacy into their classrooms with easy to use KITS for making Mobile Apps. There is a review of it at http://mindsharelearning.ca/2015/04/01/vizwik-product-review/
Actimator is web based and games can be played on Android and iOS devices. 
37 comments:
I have never met a student who cut their teeth in any of these languages and did not come away profoundly damaged and unable to cope.
You would do well to read some Dijkstra.
I mean this reads to me very similarly to teaching someone to be a carpenter by starting them off with plastic toy tools and telling them to go sculpt sand on the beach.
Not one thing they learn will bear any piece of resemblance to real work. All you're doing is teaching them misimpressions of what the job is, and tricking them out of having meaningful formative experiences.
This is 101 never-do-this material to anyone with actual training as a teacher.
I take it that John Haugeland is of the 'everybody can learn to be a computer programmer and therefore everyone should learn how to write code' school?
These are not proper programming languages, anyone with half a brain knows that, but why deny those who can't or don't want to 'code' the opportunity of being creative with these tools and learning some logic skills along the way. Not everyone wants to be a computer programmer but a lot of kids like to create their own game or 'app' for fun.
Alfred,
These are all great tools. I have used Scratch, Alice, and Kodu in primary, secondary schools, and colleges with a lot of success.
@John – can you confirm the scope of the research you cite or this just anecdotal evidence? Because most of the literature I have read indicates a very positive trend.
BTW I have no idea what this means “This is 101 never-do-this material to anyone with actual training as a teacher.” Can anyone understand what John is trying to say here?
John, ouch. I am not quite sure what you mean by real work. A 5th grader is not going to do much commercial programming but they sure could have some fun learning to problem solve with these languages. Give the average 5th grader Java or C++ and see what their opinion of programming is after a week. My sophomore Programming I kids that may take only one programming course in their life can learn some problem solving, procedural thinking, the basics of coding language (If, Repeat, etc) and have a little fun writing stupid little games. They usually get an idea of what programming can do if they learn a big kid language. A good carpenter that is an artist with wood probably started with plastic toys on the beach when they were kids. It is possible to have some serious fun with all these languages and stimulate a kid’s curiosity to go further. All of these languages need to be on a beginning programming teacher’s must learn list.
I use most of these regularly alongside some simple typed scripting options like javascript in Unity. I think the block ideas remove the syntax issues that can distract kids but the ease of use should not mask a lack of focus on good planning - thinking I about variables and sensible ways of abstracting various parts of the problem. Personally I think we will see an evolution of both hardcore coding and some form of scripting that will see more novel graphical interfaces so that designers can script basic interactions and develop ideas without worrying about indents and curly braces. The CS principles and objectives are the key focus anyway - or should be. Also found my son really got into 'little man computer' which really helps show how a computer works to move and maoipulate info at the very lowest level. Kids just need barriers taken away... Not forced on them just because 'we had to learn the hard way'
My son is 12 and he's been doing Small Basic for years now and we will start with a higher typed language like C in language soon and he has had NO problem with syntax at all or progression to a C based language. He started with a visual based interface like the tools used in FIRST Lego League Robotics and moved forward to more advanced languages as his knowledge grew mathematically and logically. The key is for the foundation and the interest to be laid first with these types of tools that are TARGETED for the right age group. Who would foolishly think a 5 year old with NO Algebra, Calculus, Discrete Math (etc) experience would start right the gate writing Lambda functions with C++. Utter foolishness to think that we start them out with an higher end language without the background needed for mastery. ...was the comment posted as a joke?
These tools are all great, if you see syntax as a major obstacle to programming and/or computer science.
However, I don't think semicolons and curly braces are what's holding us back.
I completely agree with Alfred and completely disagree with John.
I am a trained and experienced teacher and have found that using these tools is an excellent introduction to programming. Using them, young children can focus on important concepts and problem-solving and less on finding syntax errors.
There have in fact been studies done on these programs' efficacy, and they are positive. This is one such study I have found.
Sure, there are young children (such as Anonymous' son) who can take to pure coding languages easily. And there is certainly reason to argue for using proper coding languages with older (High School) students. However, with elementary or middle school students it is perfectly reasonable to use simpler tools.
(An analogy: young children learn to play tennis with softer balls, lower nets and smaller courts. Their games have simpler rules with faster scoring. Does this prevent them from becoming good tennis players when older?)
Take the frustrations away and allow the students to experience the joy of creation. When they're ready to move on, they can take the concepts of loops, threads, conditionals, variables, etc. and start learning where to put the curly braces and semicolons.
For those who prefer the purity of code but still want an easier interface for the students to grasp, check out Greenfoot.
Greenfoot is a simple introduction to Java. It's not blocks, but there's a simple GUI that lets you manage some of the aspects of the program.
It's also worth pointing out that the new version (3) of Alice aims at being a good transition to Java, including a NetBeans plugin.
You forgot the parent of these which is around since the late 90s and still more versatile than any of its descendants: Squeak Etoys. This year the new 5.0 version was released.
Squeek eToys! Yes I knew I was forgetting something important but for some reason that slipped my mind. I will update the post. Thanks!
Emmanuel you are right that these are only the "solution" if you identify syntax as the major problem. There are other suggestions and I know you teach one of them with great success. Want to do a guest post on that?
Alfred, I teach using App Inventor in a Grade 10 course (intro) and using Python in a Grade 11 course (intro). Some of my students in Grade 11 have taken my Grade 10 course and I can state that they are not "damaged goods". I feel that they have a distinct advantage in experience multiple programming paradigms. The students that follow on to the second course are now able to appreciate the power of Java and O-O design also.
Keep up the great discussions.
Personally, I have no problem with people learning these tools, but I would *really* like to hear more from Mr. Schanzer, and applaud Mr. Thompson's suggestion that he write a guest post here on the topic.
Some of us in physics use VPython, which is the Python language with the Visual extension. http://www.vpython.org/ It's a great way to use programming as an extension and learning tool in physics as students have to create and modify the representations of physics in the 3d world they create.
As a classroom teacher who taught novice high school freshman to sort lists and do recursive math, I would disagree loudly with John. I had students take the concept of recursion and graphic flood fill and apply it into java to solve a problem that while it was easier to solve in other ways, was a perfect solution. I know that I have students who learned with both BYOB and/or Alice who are making Dean's honor roll in CS programs in several major Texas universities.
I kind of think John has not seen the power especially of BYOB/Snap where recursion, searches, sorts, etc are possible while letting the kids focus on the algorithm. Once a kid understands how recursion flood filled a square graphic, converting the algorithm to language is much simpler.
Sorry John but not every kid can focus on the algorithm when a semicolon error frustrates them way too much before the first successful code execution. I challenge any master teacher to take novice freshman female programmers, force them to learn any text based language, have them writing their own recursive sorts in under 4 six week class terms.
Did I mention the best 3 programmers in the room were two freshman female cheerleaders and a girl who was the mascot.
14 years old and writing and understanding recursion.
I am no expert - just a high school CS teacher with 19 years of battling syntax induced anxiety/failure with students.
Ah this is all very interesting. I know little about "Block languages", but I know a little of software engineering, about thirty years. In that time I have drawn more flowcharts, state transition diagrams, activity diagrams, ERDs etc than you can count and now have moved on to tools such as Rhapsody and Artisan that auto-generate code, almost, from UML diagrams. I now describe myself as a logic engineer (it could be a processor or an FPGA my stuff goes on), and I draw software. There is a place for allsorts of solutions. Teaching logic is no bad thing however it is done. Teach them to stop, think, plan, implement and test. If only some of the graduates I get were logical. Oh and by the way I have done assembler, C, Ada, HTML, java, java-script, Coral, Pascal, Fortran 4 and 77, Perl, PHP ...
Hi
Move the turtle is a lot more complex that Daisy the dinosaur.
Daisy has a very simple set of control structure and preset moves.
The turtle has a set structure of activities that can build a skill set and understanding, you can create and save your own functions (sub routines) then use them again..
Its great for students Y3-Y6.
Then Id suggest a move to scratch..
Thanks for the other options in the list..
K
A lot of people are good in programming and they do good things for it. But with all these a lot of people do not like Programming and they just simply work on the things they can do best. Your post has different ideas that we can learn and apply at the time when we require these types of stuff for the learning purpose.
I think Pocketcode from Catrobatqualifies as a nice addition to this list.
Developed by Wolfgang Slany and his team from Graz University of Technology it brings coding with block to mobile devices. There are special blocks to use the sensors of the device and he result is immediately playable on the device.
If you could only download one app it should be this one :-) All the other apps left as exercise!
Old and tired said..."Teaching logic is no bad thing however it is done. Teach them to stop, think, plan, implement and test." It's a tremendous change of attitude I see in 3rd grade class as the children work with Scratch and Wedo. They also learn to learn from each other instead of being dependent on the teacher for everything.
The comment is only tangentially related the the topic of block languages - be forewarned:
Bret Victor, who is doing some of best work today on future programming systems, has a great quote when it comes to "the current ways are the best" mentality to programming:
"A common response to my [Victor's] work is 'experts don't need that'. Galileo didn't 'need' algebra either. Just 30 yrs to do something trivial today."
Just as many classrooms today are nearly the same as their counterparts from 50-100 years ago, programming today hasn't moved in a major way since before...well, Dijkstra. It would be hard to argue that we've found the optimum solution in either case. We see a similar argument in math class, we we say using tools like Wolfram Alpha to solve equations is not "real math" - that "real" mathematics is done with pencil and paper and maybe a TI calculator. Nonsense.
As a professional software developer for 30 years, it saddens me to see a mentality - that one needs to use text-based languages to be a "real" programmer - that is mainly about being exclusionary. Yes, text-based languages prevail now, but it's not because they are the be-all end-all solution to the problem of expressing computational thinking.
I have been teaching computer science since 1969. At that time, assembler code was converted to machine code by 2 passes of the deck of cards through the card reader. Not very user friendly at all. ha ha. But that was what they were doing in business. -- COBOL was a compiled language-- and many folks did not trust it! ha ha
Now.. think of every step forward we have seen in the last 45 years.... many of them.
Think of the various generations of languages in business. Each one has taken us a little further away from the binary bits..closer to human visual language.
I am now retired from teaching at a community college and am focusing of helping the youth of america to become creators rather than consumers.
Blockly is great! not just for kids. It empowers everyone, every age to use the "universal machine" - a computer -- to solve their very own problems.!
Once I got Hal Abelson's kitty to meow, I was hooked! And the Google Intern got us to complete the program in less than 1/2 hour!
It is fun, engaging and the very intuitive.
We are beyond the point where CS can look down our noses at those who do not excell in Calculus.
Computer Science is the cortex of STEM. -- every scientist, technologist, engineer and mathmatician needs to use programming to solve their problems in the future.
Alfred, thank you for your wonderful posts that bring so many comments!
Arta Szathmary
:)Happy Computing!
Another alternative to include in this list: Pencil Code http://pencilcode.net/
Pencil Code is unusual in that it has students programming in a traditional text-based language (CoffeeScript or Javascript), but it provides a block-programming UI that can be toggled back and forth to text-mode freely.
I, too, learned programming with punch card. I carried giant tape reels on airplanes to update banking clients, and had to go down to the cubbies in the basement of our office to pick up printouts after our jobs were runt.
But I digress...today I had the opportunity to work with block coding for the first time with a class of 2nd graders and a class of 3rd graders. It was amazing to see kids learning to think creatively. Teachers were surprised at which students progressed quickly. And most importantly, an hour of code wasn't enough for them...they wanted to bring their lunches in and stay after school.
I imagine that the third grader who practices problem solving and logical thinking skills now will be the one choosing to study and learn syntax and nuances of various languages because they have seen what can be done. Once they've moved the turtle they want to create their own.
If I have the opportunity to work with more elementary students perhaps you secondary teachers will find students eager and receptive to 'real' programming.
I teach programming to kids in primary schools in the UK. We use Scratch Jr and then move onto Scratch in KS2 (K2). We also use Kodu (more as a lunchtime club) and the children progress onto Raspberry Pi programming on Python.
This week tickleapp.com launched it's Scratch (as in the Scratch way of thinking) iPad app Tickle:
Programming re-imagined for the connected world.
Mike Chen and team started a kickstarter during scratchMIT2014 and will present the journey of his team at Scratch2015AMS.org
Check out this Scratch Fest (disclaimer: I'min organizing team), it will take quite some time to meet the people behind eToys, Pocketcode, Snap, Scratch, BeetleBlock and so many more ...
I am a Teacher of Computing in the UK. I have programmed for 30 years; I have only taught for 6. I am one of the generation of programmers Dijkstra suggested would be damaged in exactly the same way because they were taught unstructured BASIC first. The first time I saw Pascal (my second high-level language) I took to it like a ten year old to Oreo cookies. I have never looked back or used a GOTO since.
Teaching my Year 9 Computing GCSE students structured BBC Basic today I realised something quite startling.
I was trying new approaches because some of my students were struggling so badly with the coding. I tried explaining the program in terms of Scratch like blocks - parameters plug in to the function call, the function result plugs in to the assignment or the print statement, the print statement plugs in to the loop body etc. This had some success. It was then that I realised that in spite of being brought up on exclusively textual programming languages (BASIC, Pascal, Prolog, LISP, Modula 2, C, C++, Java, Javascript and PHP etc.) the way my brain understands and internally constructs code best is as blocks, in the just the way tools like Scratch and Alice represent them. This was not an earliest development for me; I learnt highly unstructured BASIC and Z80 Assembler / Machine code first. The 'superior' structured languages (Pascal etc) were the first to begin to tap into that block structured thinking. So surely, by rights, in Dijkstra's terms Scratch et al. are in some way SUPERIOR to fiddly text based languages, where often the real structure of the program gets obfuscated by the word- and punctuation-obsessive line-by-line syntax.
It explains why I hate most in-the-wild JavaScript and some recent Java, because once you have overused some grotesque framework like jquery or heavy-handed Java 7 templating, it becomes nigh on impossible to visually parse the syntax into functional language type 'pipelines' (output plugging into next input) and wheel-within-wheel containers (inner code plugged in to outer code).
So, for my tuppence-worth, I believe the reason that the likes of Scratch are rightly hugely successful is precisely because the tools work closer to the way many children (visual, creative, constructivist lego buiilders!) and adults think, whatever languages they become proficient in. A good toolmaker makes tools that fit the hands and minds of the craftsman doing the creative work. Otherwise, why aren't we all coding in hand-crafted machine-code? Or Z notation?
After all RMDEQ!
Garth, i am exactly 11 and i have already done html, javascript and C++ AND I AM ONlY ELEVEN. Those blocks are not going to help people know about work.
I am 72 and have seen a lot of programming languages since the Hollerith machines.
All the negative comments I can only (-sorry guys-) see as Blah Blah.
If we follow the code geeks we would write our applications still in Assembler or even worse in RPGII.
Every smart programmer has in his own toolbox lots of fuctions and procedures he can call on and rely on. And it was Bill Gates who said "good programming is smart copying"
We have all written or copied thousand lines of codes over and over again.
Nowadays there are lots of tools for smart database programming without a line of code.
And you see the same trend for roboting computing.
And the real nerds among us like Garth should concentrate on developing smart visual blocks which applications programmers can use and make a lot of money by doing so. And yes Garth for that you need C++. And keep in mind Garth not every good soccer player needs to be a Messi, Maradonna or Cruyff.
Hello,
This is definitely a great resource!
One note about Snap! -- as of the last few months, "4.0" is not longer beta! :-D Snap! is stable, and the current version 4.0.2 includes some new features which allow full keyboard control of scripting. (It's so new, documentation is still being written!)
As a programmer myself what I like about Scratch, is that it is good representation of modern Integrated development Environment (IDE) approach to programming. It has drag and drop type display window but it also has script, run and break functions and libraries of resources.
My daughter (aged 10) has started using it at home lately and I find myself giving her tips such as moving her sprite back to its start position at the top of the code: I know that might be redundant but it makes fixing what she is doing easier if she always starts off at the same place. She likes it because she likes her art and its an easy way for her to create simple animations.
So I would say give it a go and see what you can do.
Great blog, thanks!
@Alfred Thompson and other CS educators:
As ones who know the field, what are your thoughts on the viability of creating an extra-curricular environment to 'play' with these tools à la a karate class or Kumon? Too niche? Would parents see the value? Be willing to pay? Thoughts?
Jeffrey there are programs like that around the country. I don't know how much (or if they charge).
Tynker is a great one my kids love: https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/tynker-coding-for-kids.-visual/id805869467?mt=8
Lookingglass is a new one, haven't used it yet: https://lookingglass.wustl.edu/
Mark Guzdial blogged yesterday about GP, a promising block language in development. Although GP is still in pre alpha you can play with it in the "MUCK" mentioned at the end of computinged.wordpress.com/2016/06/13/introducing-gp-a-general-purpose-block-language/
When in August 2015 GP was first publicly demonstrated at the Amsterdam Scratch conference, almost simultaneously in Nebraska at ICER2015 it was concluded that blocks had won, at least according to Guzdial's ICER 2015 Report: Blocks win–Programming Language Design == UI Design | Computing Education Blog
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